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Table of Contents 



Hogs the Money Makers Page 3 

Prewar High Hog Prices Page 4 

Proper Housing Pays Big Profits .-. Page 4 

Essential Features of Practical Hog House Page 6-7 

Sunlight the Natural Disinfectant Page 7 

Standardized Types of Hog Houses Page 8 

North and South Houses Page 9 

"Iowa Sunlit" House Page 9 

"Nebraska Type" House Page 10 

East and West House Page 10 

Monthly Angles of Sunlight at Sioux City, Iowa Page 11 

Map for Determining Latitude Page 12 

"Shed" Roof House Page l2r 

"Combination" Roof Hog House... Page 13 

"Sawtooth" Type Page 13 

"Semi Iowa" or Dakota Type Page 14 

Individual Hog House '. Page 14-15 

Where and How to Locate Windows Page 16 

Locating Windows in Wall Page 16-18 

Locating Windows in Roof. Page 18-19-20 

Sunlight Table Page 17 

Sizes and Kinds of Windows Page 20 

Ventilation Page 21-22 



Acknowledgement: Credit is due to the Iowa Experiment Station 
at Ames, for permission to use some illustrations and quotations from 
bulletins, also from available blue-prints of the Experiment Station. 



Copyrighted 1919 

by 

The Phillip Bernard Company 

Sioux City, Iowa 



All rights reserved. 

©C:.A5."G477 

"^^ -8 19/9 



Hogs the Money Makers 

Hog raising has made more clear money for farmers than an/ other en- 
terprise. It is truly termed the mortgage raiser and has done more to make 
possible the securing of many of the luxuries the American Farmer enjoys 
today. 

Not only has the big return made possible the numerous improve- 
ments on the farm, but in hundreds of cases it has made it possible for the 
farm boys and girls to go to colleges. 

The wide-spread interest in hog raising is so intense and the profit so 
great that pig raising clubs have been organized all over the country and 
many philanthropic people are encouraging the boys and girls to raise them 
by advancing them the money to get a start. 

The stories of their success have been eye openers to even the experi- 
enced hog raiser. 

In the corn belt hogs furnish one of the most important means of mar- 
keting the crop and in territories where corn is not so abundantly raised, the 
hog' is a means of giving the farmer a profit even in years of crop failures. 

So universally is the hog considered a money maker that many farmers 
make hog raising their main business and have become independently 
wealthy. 

We know of one man, inexperienced in hog raising who made a study 
of them and who in a few short years was able to pay off an indebtedness 
of over five thousand dollars and have a snug balance of several thousand 
dollars. 

With all of these facts, it is still hard for many farmers to get rid of 
the notion that anything is good enough for the hog. 

Yet the hog by nature is a cleanly animal and if given a chance will 
be the cleanest animal on the farm. 

Hogs give the quickest money return of any livestock on the farm. 
They are more numerous than other farm animals. The year book of the 
Department of Agriculture gives the number of hogs on farms in the 
United States January 1st, 1918 as over 71 million. A recent Government 
report places the 1919 number at 753^ million with a farm value of 1 2/3 



billions of dollars. It is only a matter of 6 to 8 months from birth to mar- 
keting. An average gain of 1>4 pounds a day during this time is not un- 
common. 

This rapid growth and quick turnover cannot be accomplished without 
proper care. Pigs farrowed late in the season, and not properly housed lose 
the fat they gain before weening time, and it is necessary to carry them into 
the winter before marketing. The result of this common method of handl- 
ing the pig is that there is a big supply on the market at certain seasons, 
and as a consequence a lowering in price. 

A study of the hog market will show on an average, the high points of 
the year. If hogs are marketed in (name months) the chances are in favor 
of a better price. The following prices are figured from the year book of 
the Department of Agriculture, and represent the average high prices on 
the Chicago market during the seven years from 1908 to 1914, before the 
market was affected by war conditions : 

January $7.40 July $8.5/ 

February $7.68 August $8.80 

March $8.37 Sept $8.97 

April $8.39 October $8.51 

May $7.90 November $7.87 

Jwne $8.10 December $7.62 

It will be seen from the above chart that the prices for August and 
September range considerably higher than the other months, with Septem- 
ber the highest mark for those years. 



Proper Housing Pays Big Profits 

On the average, the hog house is the poorest building on the farm and 
the least adapted to the purpose for which it was intended. 

Many houses which cost enough to be good are thoroughly unfit for the 
purpose. Data published after exhaustive research shows that the good hog 
men average seven pigs to the litter and many surpass this record. This 
same data indicates that the general average raised on the farm does not ex- 
ceed four pigs to the litter. This wide difference is mainly due to the hous- 
ing. Consequently the average lose over 42% of their litters. Quite an 
item when one stops to consider it. 

On far too many farms the hog house is just an old shack of a place, 
without windows, ventilation, or even a tight roof and walls. And ofttimes 
one of the owners who has such a building will remark "I never seem to 
have any luck with hogs." 

Sometime ago we found a hog house that is so much an example of 
what it ought not to be that we like to keep a description of it in mind, to 
hell) others avoid the same mistakes. The first thing we noticed about this 



house was the muddy yard around it. Some ear corn lay in the mud, so 
caked over that we wondered if the hogs could find it. Of course the hogs 
tracked the mud into the house, causing it to be damp and ill smelling. There 
were no windows ; only a few doors. No ventilation, and no cement floor. 

The losses in this barn were always heavy. A few pigs always died 
shortly after birth. The sows always laid on a few and crushed them, some 
usually took cold, and later died. It is safe to say that in a good house — de- 
signed for comfort and safety; with a good floor; plenty of sunlight and 
fresh air— several more pigs could have been saved each year. One farmer 
this spring reported saving every pig out of 80 farrowed. 




I Inefficient in sunliglit and ventilation wliich causes big lo.sses. 

! If we consider the advantages of having the right kind of quarters for 

jthe hogs we find; first, that the pigs can be farrowed at a time when they 
I can be given careful attention; second, pigs in a good house can be kept 
jgrowing from birth; third, that pigs can be sent to market at times of best 

prices; fourth, more pigs will be saved; and fifth, feed and labor will bo 
(saved. 
j Early pigs, raised in properly built, and sunlit houses get to market 

when the prices are best. Besides getting the pigs to market at the best 
jtime, there is another big advantage in early pigs. The farmer is a busy 
jman from the time the oats are sown, until after harvest. Pigs farrowed 
iat this time get very little and irregular attention, on the average. As a 
jjresult the little pigs do not get the right kind of a start. 



March 1st brings the pigs at a time when the field work is not so press- 
ing. The little fellows g"et more attention until such time as they are able 
to shift for themselves, and are growing in good shape. But March 1st 
pigs are not to be considered unless there is a good house for them. 

Nearly every large hog house is deficient in sunlight or ventilation, or 
in both. These are the big important features in the hog house. So im- 
portant are they that the U. S. Department of Agriculture and Experimental 
Stations all over the U. S. have made a careful study of them and have is- 
sued numerous bulletins on these features. 

Consequently it is our purpose to not only discuss these features fully 
and completely but to discuss other features that have a tremendous bearing 
on the profitable raising of hogs. 

In the 14 points listed as essential features of an ideal hog house by the 
Iowa Experimental Station, six of them partly or entirely depend upon sun- 
light and ventilation. 

These six points are : 

1. Warmth: "Reasonably warm shelter, in season with least range 

of temperature is demanded by the swine." 

2. Dryness : "A dry, well drained floor, and dry, tight roof and walls 

are quite essential." 




Illustrating a practical and up to date hog house. 



3. Abundance of light and direct sunlight: "Direct sunlight should 

sometime strike every part of the interior of the house daily, 
especially the floors of the pens in the special farrowing months 
of February, March and April." 

4. Ventilation : "An abundance of fresh, pure air of satisfactory 

humidity, provided without draft is demanded." 

5. Sanitation: "The cleaning and disinfecting of the hog house is 

imperative." 

6. Safety and comfort. 

Of course some of the above essentials are provided for in part 
by other items. It is certain, however, that a hog house without windows 
and provision for ventilation would be lacking in most of these essentials. 

In a committee report made to the American Society of Agricultural 
Engineers a couple of years ago, this statement appeared : "For hog houses 
the design depends upon the size of the herd. Special emphasis is given to 
sanitary designs, plenty of light and provision for good ventilation." 



Sunlight — the Natural Disinfectant 

One of the first requisites for success with hogs is a shelter where 
young pigs can be kept warm and well supplied with sunshine and fresh 
air. Direct sunlight gives suckling pigs vigor and strength. A little pig 
takes cold very easily and recovers slowly, if at all. To prevent taking cold 
he must be kept warm, away from drafts and provided with fresh air. 

Without sunlight we cannot have profitable swine husbandry. It is 
the great and universal germ destroyer and kills disease-causing organisms. 
It promotes dryness, warmth and ventilation, thus bettering hygenic con- 
ditions. Direct sunlight should strike each part of the interior of the house 
at some time during the day ; and the pens should be well sunned, especially 
in the farrowing months of February, March and April. The forenoon sun 
has unusual value, coming as it does immediately after a relatively long, 
dark, and ofttimes cool and damp night, so weakening to young and suckling 
pigs. A little pig loves sunshine and needs it almost as much as he needs 
food. 

In talking with hog men over the middle west it is evident that sun- 
light is beginning to be considered as one of the essential things to provide, 
in the hog house. These statements will show this trend of thought. One 
says "My sunlight hog house enabled me to save 50 pigs I would have lost 
otherwise. My sows farrowed the last of February and under the old con- 
ditions I believe I could not have saved them." 

Another man says "I believe I saved 35 pigs due to the warm, modern 
building." 



"My estimate is 20 per cent more pigs saved", said a third farmer. 

"In the next house I build," one Iowa hog man said, "I will put in an- 
other row of windows. The house is giving good satisfaction but my mis- 
take was in having too few windows." 

One thing most important is the correct location of windows, as shown 
by the statement made by one builder, who said, "My house has lots of 
sunlight, but the light shines on the pens most efficiently in April, while T 
want the pigs to farrow in early March." 

In the following discussion it is our purpose to discuss not only the 
standardized types of houses but their location as well as the location of the 
windows in these various types of houses, and for various localities in the 
middle west, so the builder may provide a sufficient amount of light, when 
and where it is most needed. 



Standardized Types of Houses 
and How to Locate Them 

Our principle concern, however, is with the so-called community Hog 
Houses. Of these, there are two general types, so far as lighting is con- 
cerned. 






^^ 



Fig. 1 — Relative position of sunlight at different hours March 10, in Iowa Sunlit 
Hog House for Cential Iowa, 42° N. Latitude — Marshalltown, Ames and Carroll, Iowa. 



North and These are the houses which set with the long way north 

South Houses ^"*^ south. In this type the direct sunlight is secured on 
the east roof and walls in the morning, and on the west side 
in the afternoon. The second general type with the ridge east and west, and 
faces the south. 

In the first type of house, which we will call the "north and south" hog 
house, the sun shines into the building the greater part of the day. In Jan- 
uary and February there will be but five or six hours of sunlight on the floor 
of the house. Later in the year, when the days are long, there will be 
several more hours of sunshine in the building. Figure 1 shows the direc- 
tion of the sun's rays at Ames, Iowa, March 10, 1915. 

Latitude, within reasonable limits does not materially affect the length 
of time the sun shines into the house. Time of the season affects the 
length of time of direct sunshine only as the days are longer or shorter. It 
does not make much difference when the pigs are farrowed, they have sun- 
light on the pens several hours a day. 

On point must be observed in locating the windows in the north and 
south type. If the windows are placed low in the wall or roof the sun will 
be thrown directly on the pens early in the day. The higher the windows, 
the later in the day the light strikes the floor. See Fig. 1. In either case any 
given part of the floor is touched by the sunlight for the same length of 
time. 

A reasonably low window, however, fits in well with the best ideas of 
hog house construction. Figures 2, 3 and 4 show the common dimensions 
for location of the windows in the more widely used types. 

,,, o ,. ,, The first of this group, Fig. 2, is commonly called the 

Iowa bunht "lowa Sunlit" hog house. It was developed by the Iowa 

Mouse Experiment Station at Ames, who have a bulletin and 

blue print plans describing the construction in detail. (This and blue 
prints of other designs are furnished free of cost and without obligation 
by the Phillip Bernard Company). This house is widely used in the hog 
belt and has given general satisfaction. The windows are in a continuous 
row on each side of the roof. Direct rays of the sun strike the west row 
of pens in the morning and the east row in the afternoon. Sidewall win- 
dows in the south wall light the end pens which are not reached by the 
roof windows. 

Sometimes the Iowa Sunlit, 
or gable roof house is modified as 
shown in Figure 3, giving two 
rows of windows in each slope of 
roof. This type is also quite wide- 
ly used. The lower row affords 
sunlight early in the morning and 

the upper row later in the fore- 
Fig- 2 — Position of skylight window row in 
OOO'^- Iowa Sunlit Hog House. House with drive. 




"Nebraska Figure 4, or the 
Type House" "Nebraska Type" 
House was d e- 
signed to meet the needs of the 
farmers of that state. The Nebras- 
ka type is higher than the others 
having room for storage of feed 
and bedding overhead. All of the 
light is furnished by sidewall win- 
dows. Such a construction re- 
quires walls higher than the types 
using roof windows. In this house, 
the light falls on the east pens in 
the morning, and the west row in 
the afternoon. 




Fig. 3 — Position of windows for Iowa Sunlit 
Hog House wlien two rows or saggered windows 
are wanted. 



//2 f/Tx:// 



East and 
West House 




The hog houses 

which set with the 

long way east and 
west, with the front to the south, 
for light are more numerous than 

the other types. Fig. 4— Nebraska Type Hog House, set North 

and South. 

In the Iowa Type house it was not necessary to locate the windows for 
a particular time and place. But the all important thing in the east and west 
house is the correct location of the windows, for we want sunlight in the 
pens when the farrowing season comes. A little study of the following 
paragraphs will show the need of careful planning. 

About Dec. 22, when our real winter season begins, the sun is at its 
southern point — the angle of the sun is low. On a winter's day at noon a 
man's shadow is quite long, and falls directly to the north. 

As the winter proceeds the sun appears to swing back, over the Equator 
in latter March, and June 22 or thereabout, the sun is at the northern point. 
Then one's shadow is short, at noon time. Fig. 5 shows the angle of the 
sun's rays at 423/4° North Latitude from Jan. 1 to May 1. 

So if we wanted a hog house properly lighted for February 1st farrow- 
ing, the window would be set low in the wall to catch the rays of the sun 
at the angle shown in the drawing. But for May 1 pigs, the sun shines 
more nearly straight down, so the window would have to be higher. 

If it were possible to have a window that could be adjusted up and 
down, the problem would be solved very nicely. Starting with the opening 
near the ground in February it could be raised as required, to always throw 
light in the nesting place. But this of course is impractical. It will be 
necessary therefore to decide upon the time of farrowing, and plan accord- 
ingly. 



10 



But there is another item that enters into correct location of windows. 
Fig. 12 shows the angle of the sun's rays at 42° N. Latitude. At the time 
the sun's rays strike at this angle at Boone, Iowa, the sun will appear lower 



Fig. 5 — Angles of sunlight at 
Noon 42° 30' North Latitude- 
Sioux City, Iowa. 




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34- '30 ' 

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in the south from Duluth, Minn. ; and more nearly overhead from Atlanta, 
Ga. So the house designed for Minnesota would not be satisfactory, at the 
same time for Georgia conditions. 

If the reader will refer to the map, Fig. 6 and determine his approxi- 
mate latitude, and knowing the average date of farrowing, he will be in a 
position to determine the correct location of the windows. In the drawings 
on the pages that follow are shown several different styles of houses such 
as are widely used by corn-belt farmers. These drawings are not intended 
as working plans of the buildings, but as an aid to the builder in properly 



11 




Fig. 6. 



locating windows, to avoid some of the common mistakes. In order that 
the most common problems may be solved uniformly, we have assumed a 
yi pitch roof, 8 foot pens, 4 foot alleys, 8 foot driveways, and side wails 
usually 5 and 6 feet in height. 

"Shed" Roof Fig. 7 shows the correct location of windows for Feb. 1 to 
House March 1 farrowing in a shed roof hog house at about 42^/2° 
North Latitude, or on a line with Waterloo, Iowa. Since 
the angle of the sun's rays is small, the building need not be high. For a 
four foot- alley, and 8 foot pen, the window height would be 7 feet inches. 
After March 1st the sun is higher overhead, and the light would no longer 
strike the pens to best advantage. 

For later farrowing, then the 
windows will have to be placed 
higher. In the shed roof house 
it means a higher building. Fig. 
8 shows windows 9 feet 8 inches 
high which throws the light to 
the rear of the pens in this build- 
ing March 1. Light will be 
thrown in this pen until April L 
If the farrowing time comes later 

,1 A Ml-. It 1 1 .. f^'9- ^ — Position of sun's rays for 

than April 1, it would be better 401/, o n. Latitude-Waterloo, Iowa. 




February 



12 




Fig. 8 — Position of sun's rays for March, 
42° 30' N. Latitude— Dubuque, Iowa. 



Fig. 9 — Position of sunlight February 1 to 
April 1, 42°, 30' N. Latitude— Sioux City, Iowa. 



B 



to change the pen arrangement to throw the feed alley to the rear of the 
house, and put the 8 foot pens in front, or lower the window. 



"Combination" Roof Hog House 

Figure 9 shows the common dimensions for the "Combination" roof hog 
house. The object of this type is to secure a lower building, by placing the 
windows in the roof instead of the sidewalls. This house is 12 feet wide, 
and the location of the windows shown for 42^° North Latitude. For far- 
rowing from Feb. 1 to April 1 the feed alley should be along the south. 
Later than this, the partition should be in the position indicated by the 
dotted line and the back wall made higher. 

"Sawtooth" Type In this type of house there are two rows of windows, 
one in the front part near the ground to light the front 
row of pens and another row in the upper part of the wall to throw light at 
the back of the house. One of the common mistakes is to have these two win- 
dow rows so arranged that they are not both efficient at the same time. Our 
meaning may be made more clear by referring to Fig. 10 and 11 in the first 
illustration the lower row is efficient for February farrowing, while the top 
row does not begin to light the pens to best advantage until March 1st. 
The second figure shows a more "aggravated" case. Here the upper win- 
dows are too high, and the other row too low for March 1st sunlight. 

The half monitor, or "sawtooth" type in Fig. 12 shows two rows of 
pens each 8 feet wide, and the angle of the sun's rays is given, showing the 
correct location for March to April farrowing. This is for 42° North Lati- 
tude, or about on a line through Ames, Iowa. Fig. 13 shows the same kind 
of house but with an 8 foot driveway. Under the same conditions as above, 
the upper windows would have to be higher in order to throw the light at 



13 




'f-O'A/. Le^ifoe/e. 



Fig. 10. 





Fig. 12 — Position of sun's rays for Mar., Fig. 13 — Position of sun's rays from Feb. 

42° N. Latitude— Ames, Iowa. 1 to April 1, 42° N. Latitude— Cedar 

Rapids, Iowa. 

the back of the north pens, since the driveway makes the distance greater 
from the line of the windows to the north wall. 

"Semi Iowa" or Fig- 14 shows the application of the sunlight problem 
"Dakota" TvDe ^° ^^^^ gable roof house which runs east and west. This 
is sometimes called the "Semi-Iowa" type, or "Dakota" 
hog house. The dimensions given are commonly used and make efficient 
lighting. In some houses of this sort both rows of windows are placed in the 
south slope of the roof, one row near the ridge, and the other just above the 
plate. In the figures here shown, it will be noted that it is necessary to 
make the south wall higher, in order to bring direct sunlight on the front 
pens. The rays here shown are for 41° North, or a line with Fairfield, Iowa. 
Fig. 15 shows an application of the same problem to a house with drive- 
way through the center. Since the building is wider, it is necessary to place 
the windows higher in the roof to secure light on the north pen. Fig. 16 
shows windows for 43° N., in the same type of house except the roof is of 
the gable type, and both walls the same height. Fig. 17 illustrates the gable 
roof houses with narrow alley at 43° North, showing correct location of win- 
dows for March to April farrowing. 



Individual Hog House 



Some attention must be given to the individual type of hog house. This 
house is economical, handy, easily moved, and a good one for the beginner. 



14 




Fig. 14 — Position of sun's rays for month 
of March, 41° North Latitude — Fairfield, 
Iowa. 




Fig. 16 — Positions of sun's rays for 
months February and March, 43° North 
Latitude — Madison, Wisconsin. 




Fig. 15 — Position of sun's rays for month 
of March, 41° North Latitude — Red Oak, 
Iowa — Galesburg. 111. 




Fig. 17 — Position of sun's rays February 
1 to April 1, 43° North Latitude- 
Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 



The tenant farmer likes this type of house because it is easily moved. On 
( many farms the individual house serves to supplement the centralized 
i house. The individual house is low in cost 

j The chief disadvantages of this type of house are that it is not perman- 

( erit and has wood parts in contact with the moist soil. The greatest trouble 
I is the lack of light and ventilation. Ventilation is secured by opening at the 
j ridge of the roof in the ends, and by open doors. The gable roof hog house 
i has been arranged so that two window sash may be placed in the roof door- 
ways and direct sunlight provided. 




Fig. 18 — Individual Hog House with Sunlite Windows. 



15 



Where and How to Locate Windows 

"How can I get the correct location of windows in my own hog house? 
is the question of greatest interest to every breeder. 

It is our purpose to show in the following brief descriptions, some short 
methods of locating the windows in the hog house. 

Possibly you are building a house very similar to one of the types pre- 
viously mentioned, and it may be that the dimensions then given will suit 
your purposes. 



Locating Windows in Wall 



It is possible by referring to these pages to figure out the sunlight for 
a special house no matter what the type. 

On page 17 is a sunlight table from which it is possible to determine 
the angle of the sun's rays for a given latitude at any particular date. These 
figures are adapted from Farmer's bulletin 438, and are based upon accurate 
record of the Naval Observatory. In the table the black face figures show 
the observation for noon, and the lighter figures the data for 10 A.M. or 2 
P.M. To avoid too many figures, all the readings have been reduced to 
a basis of the height necessary to throw light 8 feet back from the window 
line. In simplest terms, these readings show the height of the top of the 
window to throw light back a distance of 8 feet from the wall where the 
window is placed. 

If it is desired to have the light back a distance of 12 feet from the wall 
instead of 8, it is only necessary to remember that the rays are parallel to 
each other, and if we determine one line, the others can be easily found. An 
illustration of this statement will show how to apply the table. Suppose 
your latitude is 42° N., and it is desired that the farrowing season begin 
March 1. Refer to the table, under the column headed "March 1." Follow 
down this column until you come 



to 42°. The figure for noon is 6 
feet 9 inches. Now cut a triangle 
from a cardboard 8 inches along 
the bottom and a height of 6^ 
inches. The straight line between 
the two points — the hypotenuse or 
slant height of the triangle will be 
the direction of the sun's rays. 

Next place a sheet of paper 
on a smooth table, and fasten it 
down. Place a steel square along 
the edge of the table and draw a 




No. 19 — Method of locating position of windows 
in wall, March 1, 42° North Latitude. 



16 





Sunlight lable 


j 

t' 

North 


HEIGHT OF WINDOWS IN ORDER THAT SUNLIGHT 
FALL B'-O" IN FROM WALL 


' Latitude 


JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY 


1 1 15 1 1 1 15 1 1 1 15 I 1 1 15 1 1 


34° 


5'-2" 1 5'-8" 1 6'-5" 1 7'-6" | 9'-0" | ll'-3" | 14'-1" | 18'-1" | 23'-2" 


4'-7" 1 5'-2" 1 5'-ll" I 6'-ll" 1 8'-7" |ll'-0" | 14'-6" | 19'-7" 1 26'-5" 


: 35° 


5'-0" 1 5'-6" i 6'-2i/^" 1 r-7y2"\ 8'-8" | lO'-gy^" \ 13'-6i/^"| 17'-4" | 22'-0" 


4'-4K'"| 4'-ll" 1 5'-8y2" 1 6'-8" | 8'-3i^" | 10'-7^" | 13'-11" | 18'-8" | 24'-llJ^" 


36° 


4'-10" 1 5'-4" 1 6'-0" 1 6'-ll" 1 8'-4" | 10'-4" | 13'-0" | 16'-7" | 20'-10" 


4'.2" j 4'-8" 1 5'-6" 1 6'-5" | 8'-0" | 10'-3" | 13'-4" | 17'-9" | 23'-6" 


37° 


4'-7i/4"l 5'-l^"| 5'-9i/4" 1 6'-8" | 8'-l" | 9'-ll^"| 12'-6" | 15'-10i/^"| 19'-10" 


4'-0" 1 4'-6" 1 5'-3H" 1 6'-2i^"| 7'-9" | 9'-10H"l 12'-10" | 17'-!^" | 22'-3" 


38° j 


4'-5" 1 4'-ll" 1 5'-7" 1 6'-5" | 7'-10" | 9'-7" | 12'-0" | 15'-2" | 18'-10" 


3'-10" 1 4'-4" 1 5'-l" 1 6'-0" 1 7'-6" | 9'-6" \ 12'-4" [ 16'-4" | 21'-0" 


, 39° 


4'-3" 1 4'-9" 1 S'-^Yz" 1 6'-2i/4"i T-ey^" \ 9'-4" | ll'-7" | 14'-6^" | 17'-lli/^" 


3'-8" 1 4'-li^"i 4'-10^"| 5'-9K'"l 7'-3" \ 9'-2" | ll'-ll" | 15'-8" I 20'-0" 


40° 

1 


4'-l" 1 4'-7" 1 5'-2" 1 6'-0" 1 7'-3" | 9'-l" | ll'-2" | 13'-11" | 17'-1" 


3'-6" 1 3'-ll" 1 4'-8" 1 5'-7" | 7'-0" | 8'-10" | ll'-6" | 15'-0" | 19'-0" 


41° ' 


3'-ll" 1 4'-4i/4"| 4'-lli/^"| 5'-9K"| 7'-0" | 8'-9" | 10'-9i/^"| 13'-5i/4" 1 16'-4K" 


3'-4" 1 3'-9^,"l 4'-6" ! 5'-45^"l 6'-9" | 8'-7K'" | ll'-l" | 14'-4" | 18'-1K-" 


42° 1 


3'-9" 1 4'-2" 1 4'-9" 1 5'-7" | 6'-9" | 8'-5" | 10'-5" | 12'-10" | 15'-8" 


3'-2" 1 3'-8" 1 4'-4" 1 5'-2" | 6'-6" | 8'-3" | 10'-8" | 13'-8" | 17'-3" 


43° j- 


3'-7" 1 4'-0" 1 4'-7" 1 5'-5" | d'-ey^" \ S'-UA" \ W-Y," 1 12'-4" | 15'-i/4" 


y-{)y."\ 3'-6" 1 4'-2" 1 5'-0" | 6'-3H" | 8'-0" | 10'-3K'"I 13'-2" | 16'-6^" 


1 AA° - 


3'-5" 1 3'-10" 1 4'-5" 1 5'-3" | 6'-4" | 7'-10" | 9'-8" | ll'-lO" | 14'-5" 


1 


2'-ll" i 3'-4" 1 4'-0" 1 4'-10" 1 6'-l" | 7'-9" | 9'-ll" | 12'-8" | 15'-10" 


1 I 

' 45° } 


3'-3" 1 3'-7^"| 4'-2i4" 1 5'-0" | 6'-6" | 7'-6H" 1 9'-4" | ll'-5i/4" 1 13'-10^" 


2'-9" 1 3'-l^"| 3'-9i^" 1 4'-7/2"| S'-10^"| 7'-SK,".| 9'-7" | 12'-2" | 15'-2" 


46° 1 


3'-l" 1 3'-5" 1 4'-0" 1 4'-9" 1 5'-10" | 7'-3" | 9'-0" | ll'-l" | 13'-4" 


2'-7" 1 2'-ll" 1 Z'-7" 1 4'-5" 1 5'-.8" | 7'-2" | 9'-3" | ll'-8" | 14'-6" 


47° 1 


2'-ll" 1 3'-3" 1 3'-10" i 4'-7" 1 S'-iy^" \ T-y," 1 8'-9i/4"| 10'-8i^" | 12'-10" 


2'-5" 1 2'-8i/'"l 3'-5" 1 4'-3" | S'-Sy," \ 6'-ll" | 8'-ll" | ll'-2^" | U'-Wy" 


j 48° 1 


2'-9" 1 3'-l" 1 3'-8" 1 4'-5" | 5'-5" | 6'-10" | 8'-5" | 10'-4" | 12'-4" 


2'-3" 1 2'-6" 1 y-r 1 4'-l" 1 5'-3" | 6'-8" | 8'-7" | 10'-9" | 13'-5" 



Note: Bold face figures for 12 M (Noon). Top line each degree. 

Light face figures for 10 A. M. or 2 P. M. Bottom line each degree. 



17 



horizontal line, as shown, also a vertical line. Place the triangle on the edge 
of the steel square, and draw thru the 12-inch mark, extending the 
diagonal line until it cuts the vertical line. With the rule find the length 
of the vertical leg of this new triangle. The measured inch will be the 
height in feet the top of the window should be in the wall to throw light 12 
feet back of the window line. See Fig. 19. A careful study of the above 
will enable any contractor, lumber dealer, or farmer to figure the height of 
window for the hog houses he is interested in. 

In a similar way it is possible to plan for different dates, different lati- 
tudes, and various widths of houses. If the reader has determined upon the 
style of house, he may locate the windows by the following method : 

Square up a sketch of the hog house on a table, by means of a square, 
cut the triangle as before, and place it over the sketch. Since the diagonal, 
or hypotenuse is parallel to the sun's rays, it is only necessary to set this 
hypotenuse on a point in the floor line the light is desired and the point 
where the line cuts the wall is the correct place for the window. 






Method of Locating Position of Window in Roof 

East and West Tlie previous discussion refers especially to location of 
Hoff Houses windows in the sidewalls. In many of the houses roof 

windows are necessary and the following discussion of- 
fers a convenient method of locating them. 

All breeders and feeders want the sunlight in the greatest amount at 
farrowing time. In many cases the roof windows are not located for far- 
rowing time selected with the result that, the window is either too high or 
too low and experience w-ould determine the exact location. Since most 
breeders cannot waste a season in experimenting, the following simple 
method of locating the exact position of windows for 
the selected farrowing time is given. 

Tools required: Steel square or Tee square, small 
tacks, paper, cardboard, pencil, knife, and table top or 
large smooth board. 

Operations : 

1. Secure large piece of pa- 
per to board or table top with 
small tacks. 

2. Make triangle from card- 
board. Determine your latitude 
and farrowing season. Lay off 
8 inch base line and draw an up- 
right line at end, 'square' with 
base line. From table Page 17 de- 
termine height of window for 





Fig. 20 — Method of Locating- position of Roof 
Windows for East and West Hog House. 



18 



your latitude and farrowing season. Measure length on upright line. 
Use one inch to represent one foot, for example, March 1 farrowing season 
and 42° N. Latitude 6 feet 9 inches is found for height of window. Measure 
6% inches. Connect ends of two lines and cut out with sharp knife. 

3. Place square on table as shown and draw line ab. Figure 20. 

4. Now set triangle base line against upper edge of steel square and 
draw line cd. This is the direction of the sun's rays at noon March 1, 42° 
N. Latitude. 

5. Now draw section of hog house wanted so line cd comes to the in- 
side of edge of pen as shown. Make walls desired heighth and place rafters 
at required pitch. 

6. Sun's ray will cut rafter in d. Measure to ridge and set figure found 
2 feet in Fig. shown. 

7. Now measure length of window downward from d on rafter and 
draw line of parallel to cd. 

8. Line cd will be sunlight position in pen. 

The curve Fig. 21, is derived from the table and instead of referring 
to the table, the reader can refer to the curve in the following manner. From 
the farrowing date at the bottom, follow the line upward until it strikes the 
curve of your latitude. From this point follow the horizontal line, and read 







/ 

Figure 21. 



19 



the height of window. For example select March 1, follow up to the heavy 
line to "1" and then across to the scale at the side and 6 feet 9 inches can be 
read, which agrees with the table. In this case the triangle would again be 
cut 8 inches by 6}i inches, and the hypotenuse would show the angle of 
the sun's rays. 

Sizes and Kinds of Windows 

While there is no set rule as to the exact sizes of windows to be used, 
—a very common and popular type is one holding two lights, each 10 by 28 
inches, making an effective glass area of 20 by 28 inches. Any change from 
this size should be for a larger rather than a smaller window. In every win- 
dow there is a certain amount of sunlight that is cut off by the necessary 
framing. The larger the window, the less per-cent glass area is lost by this 
method. Single or double strength plain glass is best : it admits the max- 
imum amount of light, with the least reflection. Prism glass, or opaque 
glass, such as is used in stores and factories to spread the light, and do away 
with direct rays, should not be used. It is the sanitary effect of direct sun- 
light that is wanted in particular in the hog house. For the same reason 
colored glass is not desirable. 

In roof windows there has been the objection that hail would break the 
lights. It is improbable that the item of breakage would be large. (In our 
hog house, with 32 windows not a single light was broken during the severe 
hail in early June, 1918). To protect them from the possibility however, 
roof windows may be purchased with a wire mesh screen over the glass, 
which prevents breakage. This is of greater importance in sections visited 
by hail frequently. If, however, the wire mesh is not desired, it can be very 
easily removed. 

During the warmer times of the year, there is an objection to too much 
sunlight in the house, because of the heat. A hog needs shade in summer as 
v.'ell as sunlight in early spring, and fall. Too much sunlight may be 
avoided by covering the windows inside with a wooden shutter, or heavy 
cloth. Some men have solved the problem by placing a few boards on the 
tie plates and covering them with straw. 

Whether roof or sidewall windows are used a portion of them should 
be arranged to open partially, for ventilation in warm weather. In mild 
winter weather, or spring days, several of the windows may be opened to 
allow a good circulation of air. Sometimes a large number of feeder hogs 
will be kept in the house, and window ventilation is needed to assist the 
regular ventilation system in removing the moisture laden, foul air. (There 
is a patented ventilating window on the market that is manufactured for 
just this purpose.) 

For best efficiency of sunlight in the house, pens made from heavy wire 
fencing, or built up iron panels are gradually replacing wood pens. It is - 

20 



probably a matter of only a few years until the wood panels will not be 
used in the better hog houses. Hog men are realizing that they cannot af- 
ford to lose the direct sunlight. 

Ventilation 

Ventilation of hog houses is a subject for study, and practice. Perfec- 
tion has not been reached. The objects of ventilation are well known, and 
the benefits derived are worth the cost. 

The objects of ventilation are to bring fresh air into the building, and to 
remove breathed air with its impurities, maintaining the air at a healthful 
standard of purity. 

The vital element in pure air is oxygen. This element which composes 
about 23 per cent of pure air is necessary to sustain life. If oxygen is taken 
away from a man or an animal altogether he will live but a few minutes. 
If oxygen supplied, and with no ventilation, the hog will live. But without 
pvire fresh air supplied in correct amounts, the animals will not make best 
gains. Besides bringing in fresh air, it is necessary to remove the foul air 
from the building. Air which has been once breathed loses more than 4 
I per cent of the oxygen, and increases by about the same percentage of car- 
, bon dioxide — which is injurious to life. 

' Carbon dioxide, called by chemists C02, is so powerful that in its full 

I strength it will kill an animal very quickly. In a poorly ventilated barn it 
i irritates the skin, and causes the animal to lose vitality and health. It oc- 
I curs in pure country air in about 4 to 6 parts in 10,000. In barns it will 
I often be found as high as 20 parts in 10,000 of air. Above this point the air 
becomes undesirable. In houses or churches air breathed a second time 
» causes people to become sleepy and dull. 

Another thing necessary in ventilation is to remove the moisture. 
Moisture is constantly being given off by the lungs and pores of the skin, 
in the form of vapor. This takes place thruout the year. We see it by the 
visible moisture of the breath on a frosty morning, or by the condensation 
when one breathes against a mirror. 

A barn or hog house that is poorly ventilated will be steamy when the 
doors are opened on a cold morning. There is apt to be frost on the walls, 
and drops of moisture on the ceiling. Sometimes the skin of the animals 
will feel damp. This causes a great deal of trouble. Wood post and fram- 
ing will rot and decay. Sometimes the moisture is so bad it is actually un- 
comfortable to work about the barn. Hogs are not protected with fur as 
other animals are, and if they go from a damp cold building, into the open 
air, colds result. Farmers have told us that their hogs have colds, contract 
pneumonia, and die. 

These difficulties may be L\ercome by proper ventilation. Now it is 
easy to ventilate a barn by providing enough outside air. But if too much 

21 



fresh air is provided in the winter time, the building becomes cold. The 
correct ventilation for a barn or hog house means sufficient fresh air to sup- 
ply the needs of the animals, and some means of regulation of the air flow 
to avoid too low a temperature. 

According to the best authorities each 
full grown pig will breathe about 1100 cu- 
bic feet of air in 24 hours. This is 46 cu- 
bic feet every hour. If the air is kept in a 
state of purity, as recommended, it will be 
necessary to provide fresh air in much 
greater amounts than is actually breathed 
by the animal. For a hog, it is necessary 
to provide 1380 cubic feet of fresh air 
every hour or 23 cubic feet per minute. 

It is considered that an animal should 
not be forced to re-breathe more than 3.3 
per cent of air. In other words 96.7 per 
cent of air in each breath must be fresh. 
This is the reason so much more air mus* 
be supplied than is actually breathed. 

To provide this ventilation a definite 
system of air flues, or ventilating win- 
dows, and cupolas must be provided. 

Good buildings are warm and tight. Some air will leak in around cracks and 
poorly fitted doors, but not at the right time nor in sufficient quantities. The 
"common system" of ventilation which provides ventilation only by this 
leakage, and a cupola at the ridge, without means of regulation is to be dis- 
couraged. It is "common" only because hog men have not realized the ne- 
cessity of a well defined and well regulated system, which can easily be ob- 
tained by the use of ventilating windows and cupolas. 

The most important item in a ventilating system is a good cupola on 
the ridge. Metal cupolas are built in a scientific manner for best outflow 
of air, and to protect the flues from the entrance of rain and snow, and birds. 
A metal ventilator sets off a building in better shape than the wooden ones, 
and cost but little if any more. Also the expense of painting and repairing 
is done away with. 

For intakes the ventilating window which can be raised to any desired 
heighth from inside the building, furnishes an excellent means of supplying 
fresh air without drafts. 




22 




TkJ 1 consists of a galvanized iron frame with a 4-inch flashing 

llO* l on the sides and bottom and a S-inch flashing at the top. Out- 
V^^«^:^Nj^ side dimensions 28 inches wide and Zl inches long. The 5-inch flash- 
\\li\¥iS'^^ ing at the top allows it to extend under the second row of shingles, 
\A\\m\^^:i^>m^ insuring an absolutely water-tight construction. 

The Adjustable Frame lustrat'otT sfdfbVrs 

are loose from the flashing. The flashing has an exten- 
sion which provides a seat for the glass, and the top of 
'- the side bars are folded over to form a cap for the glass. 
The side bars are slotted to hold bolts which also pass 
^ through the extension of the flashing. By loosen- 
ing the bolts the side bars may be raised to insert 
the glass from the bottom. The sidebars should 
then be pressed to the glass closely and the Ijolts 
tightened. This arrangement eliminates the ne- 
cessity of removing the screen when taking out or putting in glass and further 
holds the glass absolutely rigid. No rattling or vibration. 

PRICE, EACH $2.50 

Sun-Lite Window No. 2 ^ w"ndow7 

Sun-Lite Window No. 2 varies somewhat in con- 
struction from the No. 1 model, the principal differ- 
ence, however, being the arrangement for opening 
and closing the window from inside the building. 
This is indeed a very valuable feature. The window 
can be opened to any degree and fastened so that 
it can not even vibrate. The accompanying cut gives an excellent idea of the use 
of this window. The folding handle rests snugly against the wall when the window 
is closed. 

The water drain consists of a trough which surrounds the entire frame. Glass 
can be inserted without removing the screen or any part of the frame. Simply turn 
back the clips and raise the center bar. 

No. 2 Window does away with the need of cupolas or other ventilators on 
ordinary size Hog Houses. The draft can be regulated to the extent desired. 
Practical and economical. 

PRICE, EACH $3.75 

All O. K. SUN-LITE Windows are built for the use of TWO LIGHTS, each 
10x28 inches. The glass is covered by a heavy, fine mesh, galvanized screen, 
which almost entirely eliminates breakage. Screens can easilv be removed. No 
PUTTY NEEDED. 

O. K. SUN-LITE WINDOWS are sold without glass, on account of the great 
danger of breakage while in transit. The glass can be procured from your local 
dealer at a nominal cost. 

The O. K. SUN-LITE WINDOWS are easily installed in old buildings. Sim- 
ply remove enough shingles' to allow placing the window on the rafters and then 
re-shingle over the flashing and the job is completed. 

Full description and set of nine blue prints of Modern Hog Houses sent FREE. 
SUNSHINE AND PURE AIR ARE PROFIT PRODUCERS 

PHILLIP BERNARD CO., Mfgs., Sioux City, Iowa 




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